Development Of Design Response Spectra For Penang Island [QE538.8. F146 2007 f rb].

Semenanjung Malaysia terletak di dalam kawasan yang kejadian gempa buminya kurang aktif yang dipanggil ‘para Sunda yang stabil’ dan dianggap sebagai kawasan yang bebas dari kejadian gempa bumi. The Peninsular Malaysia is located in a low–seismicity region, the so called ‘stable Sunda Shelf’, thus, it is assumed to be an earthquake free zone

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) sengon: an innovative sustainable building material in Indonesia

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) is recently available in Indonesian markets. The veneers are majority from Sengon wood (Paraserianthes falcataria), which is a fast-growing timber species native to Indonesia. Their use in practice is limited to non-structural components since Sengon wood species has low engineering properties and less resistance to termite attacks. The LVL production introduced few years ago has significantly improved both mechanical properties and durability as well as has expanded its utilization into various structural components. This remarkable improvement has made LVL Sengon wood as an innovative sustainable building materials in Indonesia. This paper summarized a series of authors’ work conducted since couple years ago to initiate the utilization of LVL Sengon in structural components such as shear walls and floor systems as parts of a project to develop its design standard. In addition, creep behavior of this LVL is also highlihgted here as this phenomenon is essential for designers and engineers to anticipate their designs within their service life. In particular, the test results showed that addition of diagonal members increased both racking resistance and equivalent viscous damping ratio of the developed LVL shear walls. And the LVL floor model which is composed of built-up box joists and plywood sheathing remained liniear-elastic under bearing load up to 18.75 kN/2

Vulnerability Assessment of Building Frames Subjected to Progressive Collapse Caused by Earthquake

Progressive collapse is an initial local failure of the structural component and leading to the additional collapse of the building frames. This study investigated the vulnerability of four- and six-storey moment resisting concrete frame (MRCF) buildings subjected to progressive collapse. The four- and six-storey MRCF buildings were designed based on British Standard (BS) and Eurocode (EC). The differences between these two codes were investigated. Nonlinear static analysis, which is also known as pushover analysis (POA), and nonlinear dynamic analysis or incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), were performed for each model to obtain capacity curve and explore vulnerability measures. IDA was conducted using a sample of ground motion from an earthquake that occurred in Ranau, Sabah in 2015. The four-storey building was more vulnerable than the six-storey building

A Case Study on Structural Failure of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joint After the First Significant Earthquake Impact in Malaysia

This paper presents a case study regarding failures of structural buildings which occurred in Malaysia after the first significant earthquake event dated on June 5, 2015. Ranau is a locality situated in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo. The seismic activity was triggered when an earthquake with a magnitude of 5.9 afflicted Ranau, including seven other districts that also felt the tremors. Even though the impact of magnitude was undisputedly not high, the severity level of damages was found to be absolute (irreparable) in the structural RC beam-column joints and soft-storey buildings. Most of the buildings in Malaysia were built without the consideration of seismic design, and thus a major factor in structural failure. The earthquake has directed the seismic demand, while the total displacement was concentrated at the weakest floor that caused more damage to the building.  This paper shows the causes of beam-column joint damages and explains the proposed (to-date) strengthening methods. Future studies related to seismic activities are in need to analyse the performance of the existing design of structural RC members and propose a seismic design in Malaysia

Near-Collapse Probability of RC Frames in Indonesia Under Repeated Earthquakes Containing Fling-Step Effect

The velocity pulse and displacement fling-step pulse signatures may be present in a near-field earthquake ground motion record. It is generally known that near-field ground motion with pulse effects accelerated the building drift. The damage of building can also occur as a result of two or three earthquakes within the building's lifespan. The repeated earthquakes could cause minor to severe damage to the building, including structural collapse. This includes earthquakes with fling-step pulse, which impact is underexamined in the existing studies. Therefore, the objective of this study is to assess the impact of repeated earthquakes with displacement of the fling-step pulse on the near-collapse probability of  5-, 10-, 15 and 20-story concrete frames. Based on the response modification factor R = 8, 5, and 3, the frames are classified as special, intermediate, and ordinary, respectively. The result shows that the near-collapse probability of repeated earthquakes is more likely to occur on the concrete frames which reaches intensity measure of 27.0% than the effect of single earthquakes

Damage Index Seismic Assessment Methodologies of URM Buildings: A State-of-the-Art Review

This paper is written to review the previous studies of developing Damage Indices (DI) for Unreinforced Masonry (URM) Buildings. DI was designed to provide a critical indicator of damage states (DS), seismic vulnerability, and structural occupancy of buildings. DI approaches with simplified assessment methods to predict seismic vulnerability of URM structures are presented in this review, with the pros and cons of each assessment method are highlighted to propose an ideal methodology in using DI assessment.  Thus, this paper is intended to provide a comprehensive information related to the state-of-the-art of DI methodology that can be used to seismically assess of URM buildings

Effects of heating durations on normal concrete residual properties: compressive strength and mass loss

This study investigates the effects of high temperature with five different heating durations on residual properties of 30 MPa normal concrete. Concrete cubes were being heated up to 600°C for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The temperature will keep constant for 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 minutes. The standard temperature-time curve ISO 834 is referred to. After heating the specimen were left to cool in the furnace and removed. After cooling down to ambient temperature, the residual mass and residual compressive strength were observed. The obtained result shows that, the compressive strength of concrete decrease as the heating duration increases. This heating duration influence, might affects the loss of free water present and decomposition of hydration products in concrete. As the heating duration increases, the amount of water evaporated also increases led to loss in concrete mass .Conclusively, the percentage of mass and compressive strength loss increased as the heating duration increased

Assessment for the progressive collapse of moment resisting frame structures using a practiced-oriented method

Abnormal loads that include explosions, vehicle accidents, bombings, and earthquakes that cause column failure may lead to progressive collapse. This study investigated the potential of progressive collapse of column removal in order to evaluate the tendency of progressive collapse between Moment Resisting Concrete Frames (MRCF) and Moment- Resisting Steel Frames (MRSF) related to the deformation of rotation degree. This study also evaluated the drift limit of damage measurement. The moment resisting frames were designed based on Eurocode (EC3) and (EC8). The response of 4-, 6- and 9-storey MRCF structures and MRSF structures using the Alternative Path Method (APM) was studied whereas the locations of columns removed at the corner and at the centre of the structures were speci ed as Case 1 and Case 2, respectively. Pushover Analysis (POA) and Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) were performed using the SAP 2000 program. Two types of framed structures with single column loss in two di erent locations, i.e. corner and centre were considered in this investigation. The results showed that MRCF has a larger potential of experiencing progressive collapse than MRSF. A greater Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) value was obtained by Case 2 before it reached the Collapse Prevention Limit. Therefore, this nding revealed that column loss at the corner of buildings causes a higher risk of progressive collapse compared to column loss at the centre of buildings

Strength properties of rice husk ash concrete under sodium sulphate attack

The use of pozzolanic materials in concrete provides several advantages, such as improved strength and durability. This study investigated the strength properties of rice husk ash (RHA) concrete under severe durability (sodium sulphate attack). Four RHA replacement levels were considered in the study: 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% by weight of cement. The durability performance of the RHA blended cement exposed to sodium sulphate solution was evaluated through compressive strength, reduction in strength, and weight loss. Test results showed that RHA can be satisfactorily used as a cement replacement material in order to increase the durability of concrete. Concrete containing 10% and 20% of RHA replacements showed excellent durability to sulphate attack. The results also indicate that the amount of Ca(OH)2 in the RHA blended cement concrete was lower than that of Portland cement due to the pozzolanic reaction of RH

Mechanical properties of concrete containing untreated palm oil fuel ash and egg shell powder

This study aims to use two (2) waste products, namely Palm Oil Fuel Ash (POFA) and Egg Shell Powder (ESP) as cement replacement in concrete. This is because the properties of POFA and ESP are similar to the properties of cement. The objective of this study is to determine the mechanical properties (compressive strength and tensile strength) of concrete containing POFA and ESP as cement replacement. With both properties known, the optimum percentage of POFA and ESP as cement replacement can then be determined. The percentage of replacement of POFA was fixed at 20%, however the percentages of ESP varied from 0 to 20%. Six 100 � 100 � 100 mm cubes and six 100 � 200 mm cylinders were prepared for each variation of percentages. The cubes and cylinders were tested for compressive and tensile strength after 7 and 28 days of water curing. Generally, as the percentages of ESP increased, the workability, compressive strength and tensile strength of the concrete sample decreased. In conclusion, the combination of POFA and ESP as cement replacement in concrete is only able to achieved 76% of targeted strength